HARENDER*, V. S. HOODA, AKSHIT, CHARAN SINGH, RAJ KUMAR, SUNIL AND PREETI DHANKER
Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), India
Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), India
Department of Chemistry, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), India
*(e-mail : rickydagar38@hau.ac.in)
(Received : 13 December 2021; Accepted : 23 March 2022)

SUMMARY

This research work was carried out to evaluate the performance of dual purpose wheat utilized for fodder and grain yield grown under different seed rate and fertilizer levels. Cultivation of dual purpose i.e. both grains and fodder together may be a good option forreducing the burden of rapidly increasing human population. Wheat may be a better option to mitigate the shortage of grains as well as fodder. Many works have been carried out considering dual purpose cereals but the production potential still has been a big limitation. Among various agronomical methods, variable rate of fertilizer application and seed rate are very crucial factor which directly affect the yield potential of crop. Nitrogen is one of major macronutrient which plays a crucial role in crop growth influencing major physiological activities including photosynthesis and protein content. Seed rate is directly related to canopy expansion and solar radiation interception, thereby strongly influencing
the use of environmental resources by changing relative importance of intra and inter plant competition for light, water and nutrients during crop development and there by affects wheat yield. Looking at the importance of the issue, this review was carried out to evaluate the effect of different seed rates and fertilizer levels on the fodder and grain yield of dual purpose wheat genotypes for enhancing the productivity. Growing dual purpose wheat is gaining enhanced importance. Parameters discussed in the manuscript may be taken into consideration for increased productivity. Deep agro-physiological parameters are required for understanding the factors controlling both vegetative growth and grain development in wheat for serving both dual purposes.

Key words: Dual purpose, fodder, Fertilizer levels, seed rate, wheat cultivars

1-10

PRAKRITI, SRIDEVI T., SARITA DEVI AND SATPAL*
Department of Botany & Plant Physiology
Forage Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana), India
*(e-mail : satpal_fpj@hau.ac.in)
(Received : 13 May 2022; Accepted : 22 June 2022)

SUMMARY

Jasmonic Acid and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) are collectively known as jasmonates. Jasmonic acid (JA) is a potent signal compound that accumulates rapidly and transiently when plants are under biotic and abiotic stress. Various researchers have conducted studies on the role of endogenous and exogenous JA and its metabolites in defense mechanisms against salinity stress and reported that foliar application of JA under the salt stress, improved the salt stress tolerance. Jasmonates activate plant defense mechanisms in response to insect-driven wounding, various pathogens, and environmental stresses, such as drought, low temperature, and salinity. Application of jasmonic acid in form of MeJA increases the number of leaves as other plant growth promoters including gibberellic and salicylic acid under sodium stress, similarly hows positive effect on increase in the number of tillers, improve plant morphological characters, enhances vegetative growth by increasing fresh
weight, dry weight, and SPAD value in cereal fodder crops under salt stress. JA application can promote the biosynthesis of proline and putrescine under environmental stresses in fodder crops of Brassica family. JA application improves Na⁺ exclusion either by decreasing passive influx or by increasing the active efflux of Na⁺. Osmotic stress significantly increased JA levels in root tissues of the salt sensitive fodder maize genotypes. JA and MeJA plays a crucial role in ameliorating the adverse effects of salt stress in cowpea and improve its tolerance to salt stress conditions. In the present review, we discussed the potential role of Jasmonates in alleviating adverse effect of salinity on fodder crop.

Key words: Salinity stress, defense mechanisms, Jasmonic acid, forage crops

11-21

SEVA NAYAK DHEERAVATHU*, THULASI BAI VADITHE, NILAMANI DIKSHIT, USHA T. N, SAIDA NAIK VADITHE, VENKATESWARLU RONDA, MANASA VAKADA AND BANDEPPA SONTH
ICAR-Indian Institute of millets Research, Rajendra Nagar (Hyderabad), India
Department of Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur (Andhra Pradesh), India
ICAR- Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh), India
Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and
Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga (Karnataka), India
ANGRAU-Agricultural Research Station, Jangameswarapuram, Guntur (Andhra Pradesh), India
Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendra Nagar (Hyderabad), India
*(e-mail : sevanayak2005@gmail.com)
(Received : 2 June 2022; Accepted : 24 June 2022)

SUMMARY

As global population continues to increase, crop yields and forage crop yield must increase proportionally to meet the future demand for food and fodder. Forage and livestock sector has increased at a very rapid rate throughout the country and worldwide in recent years due to their important roles in sustainable forage yield and crop productivity. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO₂] is increasing rapidly and is expected to surpass 550 ppm within this century. Mean annual temperature significantly increased 0.4ºC over the last 100 years. Atmospheric CO₂ and temperature may significantly modify plant, production and productivity. Changes in leaf anatomy and ultra-structure are associated with physiological performance in the context of plant adaptations
to climate change. Elevated CO₂ enhance root exudation, root growth and increased plant biomass. Grasslands occupy in excess of 25% of the Earth’s land area, but forage crops and grassland species have received limited attention from re- searchers studying climate change. In this review we discussed about the effect of elevated CO₂ and temperature on physiological and biochemical changes of forage crops and development of future climate-resilient varieties for sustainable crop production and livestock production.

Key words: Elevated CO₂
, temperature, climate change and forage crops

22-27

NEHA ROHILA*, SATYAWAN ARYA, S. K. PAHUJA, PUMMY KUMARI AND RAVISH PANCHTA
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana), India
*(e-mail : nishu111092@gmail.com)
(Received : 20 March 2022; Accepted : 05 April 2022)

SUMMARY

The study was conducted on 25 forage sorghum genotypes (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) were evaluated for their genetic diversity based on 18 morpho-biochemical characters. Genotypes grown in Ramndomized Block Design during kharif season to categorize them for fodder and quality traits. The mean squares were observed to be highly significant for all the 18 characters studied. This also indicated its suitability for further statistical analysis for all the character studied. The genotypes were grouped in to six clusters indicating high genetic divergence among them. Based on their intercluster distance and cluster mean for the various characters, it could be inferred that cluster I, followed by IV, II, and III were the most divergent from the other cluster. These genotypes can be
utilised for hybridization programmes. These traits viz. Green fodder yield, dry fodder yield, IVDMD and plant height upto base of flag leaf contributed highly towards the genetic divergence among genotypes studied.

Key words: Sorghum, variability, genetic divergence, inter-cluster distance, cluster mean

28-30

REENU, SATYAWAN ARYA, MANISHA, KAVITA RANI, PRIYANKA DAHIYA AND ATMAN POONIA
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana), India
ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal-132 001 (Haryana), India
Sher-e-Kashmir University of agriculture Sciences and Technology Jammu, J&K, India
*(e-mail : atmanpoonia@gmail.com)
(Received : 05 March 2022; Accepted : 28 March 2022)

SUMMARY

Sorghum is widely grown as a semi-arid infallible fodder crop for livestock consumption. The availability of better quality green fodder for prolonged periods is directly associated with the lactation efficiency in animals which ultimately leads to the self sufficiency in milk production. The present investigation was conducted at Forage Section, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the Kharif season of 2019 for the estimation of amount of heterosis, heterobeltiosis and correlation between quality parameters of forage sorghum. The experimental material consisted of 18 F1 hybridsdeveloped by crossing three lines and six testers in L×T design. The crosses 9A × G 46 (-52.88%), 9A × HJ 541 (50%),14A × S 437 (-16.85%),9A × S 437 (-16.83%), 9A × S 437 (-16.99%), 9A × GFS 5 (-45.45%), 31A × G 46 (-64.56%, -68.53%) and SSG 59-3 (-42.57%) exhibited the high significant heterosis for sorghum quality parameters like crude protein,
total soluble solids (TSS),hydrocyanic acid (HCN), crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, lignin, tannin and phenol, respectively. The significant correlation observed between HCN, crude protein, NDF, ADF and cellulose contents indicating the scope of these crosses for the crop improvement. These findings can be applied to develop high heterotic hybrids with better forage quality for animal nutrition.

Key words: Hybrids, quality nutrition, correlation, heterosis, HCN, crude protein

31-36

HARSH CHAURASIA, RAJESH KUMAR ARYA*, RAJAT SHARMA, AMIT, ANKIT DHILLON AND DILBAGH
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), India
*(e-mail : rakarayogi@gmail.com)
(Received : 5 March 2022; Accepted : 28 March 2022)

SUMMARY

To estimate the extent of genetic diversity of 53faba bean genotypes for 17 morphobiochemical characters, an experiment was carried out based at Research Farm of MAP Crop Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar in rabi2019-20. The principal component analysis developed 17 principal components. Out of seventeen, only six PCs (PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, PC5, and PC6) exhibited eigen value greater than one viz. 4.31, 2.11, 1.86, 1.61, 1.21 and 1.09, respectively. A total of 71.7% variation was explained by first six PCs. Maximum variation was explained by PC1 (25.36%) followed by PC2 (12.42%), PC3 (10.95%), PC4 (9.48%), PC5 (7.12%) and PC6 (6.42%). PC1 was the most informative PC as it explained 25.36% of total variation and positive correlation with seed yield, pod yield per plant, number of pods per plant, biological yield and number of clusters per plant. PC2 added 12.42% of total variation and was mostly correlated to pod length and number of seed per pod. PC3 was dominated by phenological traits viz. days to 50% flowering and days to maturity whereas PC4 was explained positively by seed protein content and 100 seeds weight. Trait biplot ordination of 17 traits in faba bean genotypes on principal component axes indicated positive association of seed yield with harvest index, number of branches per plant,
100 seeds weight, weight per pod, number of seeds per pod, pod yield per plant and biological yield, because the vectors of these attributes intersected at an acute angle. These findings can be used in breeding strategies for future hybridization programs for yield improvement and are appropriate for classification of diversity among faba bean germplasm

Key words: Eigen value,Faba bean, Principal Component and Variation

37-40

VINAY KUMAR*, ASHOK KUMAR DEHINWAL, DEV VART, AMIT, RAJAT SHARMA AND RENU RANI
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), India
CCSHAU RRS Bawal-123 501, Rewari (Haryana), India
*(e-mail : kumar.vinay51012@gmail.com)
(Received : 2 March 2022; Accepted : 28 April 2022)

SUMMARY

The present research investigation comprised of 50 germplasm lines of pearl millet genotypes (comprising of designated B and Rlines) were carried out at Regional Research Station, Bawal, CCS Haryana AgriculturalUniversity, Hisar, Haryana during Kharif 2020. High estimates of GCV, PCV, heritability and high genetic advance as per cent of meanwere recorded for panicle length,panicle diameter, productive tillers (no/plant), 1000-seedweight, dry fodder yield per plant and grain yield per plant implyingthat these traits were predominantly under control of additive gene action and geneticimprovement can be achieved through simple selection. The combined analysis of correlation coefficient analysis and path coefficient analysis revealed that the traits, mainly, dry fodder yield, plant height and 1000-seedweight (gm) were the major yield attributing traits and hence; emphasis should be given to this traits while programming any plant breeding programme.

Key words: Pearl millet, GCV, PCV, heritability, genetic advance, correlation

41-45

MOHIT JAIN, DEVINDER PAL SINGH* AND MEENAKSHI GOYAL
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004 (Punjab), India
*(e-mail : devinderpal301@pau.edu)
(Received : 24 April, 2022; Accepted : 08 June, 2022)

SUMMARY

The objective of the present investigation was to estimate genetic variation and type of gene action controlling quality traits of two cowpea crosses viz., C 74 × C 88 and C 74 × CL 400 by six parameter generation mean analysis. The quality traits studied were green fodder yield, dry matter yield, crude protein (%), acid detergent fibre (%) and neutral detergent fibre (%). The results indicated that the mean effects were highly significant and the traits were quantitatively inherited. Additive and dominant gene effects are highly significant for all traits. The high magnitude of additive x additive gene effect suggests the pedigree method is best suitable breeding method for development of high yielding fodder cultivars with better quality traits.

Key words: Cowpea, Quality traits, generation mean analysis

46-49

PHYU PHYU OO, RAVISH PANCHTA*, SOMVEER NIMBAL, DALVINDER PAL SINGH, NEERAJ KHAROR, SATYAWAN ARYA AND SONU
Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, (Haryana) India
Department of Plant Pathology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, (Haryana) India
Department of Biochemistry, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004, (Haryana) India
*(e-mail : r.panchta@gmail.com)
(Received : 10 April 2022; Accepted : 11 June 2022)

SUMMARY

The present study aimed at morphological characterization of leaf, flower, pod and seed traits of different 46 cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] genotypes on the basis of qualitative and quantitative characters. The genotypes were grown in a randomized block design with three replications at Dry land research area, CCS HAU, Hisar, during kharif-2020. These were classified and grouped into different categories and established significant amount of variation and diversification among different genotypes for various morphological characters. The characters viz., leaf colour, flower colour, pod shape, pod pigmentation at tip, number of branches per plant, number of pods per cluster and seed yield per plant were observed less amount of variation. Majority of the genotypes had indeterminate growth habit and spreading type growth. Wide variation was observed for the leaf shape and most of the genotypes had globose type leaf. In most of the genotypes the seed colour and seed eye colour was tan or brown while seed shape was rhomboid. The characters
viz., plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of clusters per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, pod length, 100 seed weight, crude protein content and digestibility had wide range of variation among all the genotypes. The present study suggested that characterization of morphological traits would help the breeders for utilizing the germplasm collection, evaluation and exploration to maintain genetic purity of genotypes as well as for providing the available knowledge of the present cowpea genotypes as a reference in future breeding programme.

Key words: Morphological characterization, cowpea, diversity, descriptors, germplasm

50-56

RENU RANI*, VIKAS KHANDELWAL, RAMESH, SUNITA JUNJHDIA, AMNINDER SINGH AND VINAY KUMAR
Genetic and Plant Breeding, Agriculture University, Jodhpur
Genetic and Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar-124 004 (Haryana), India
*(e-mail : renu23091993@gmail.com)
(Received : 28 May 2022; Accepted : 15 June 2022)

SUMMARY

Genetic variability in pearl millet was studied for dry fodder yield and its attributing traits using 30 inbred lines at ICAR-AICRP on Pearl Millet, Project Coordinating Unit, Mandor-Jodhpur. A significant variance reporated for all the characters which indicate ample amount of variation. Wide range of phenotypic and genotypic variability reported for green fodder yield per plant, grain yield per plant, number of productive tillers per plant, dry fodder yield per plant and leaf area which indicated direct selection may be effective for these characters. High heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance per cent mean was reported for green fodder yield per plant followed by grain yield per plant, effective number of tillers per plant, dry fodder yield per plant, lead area, stem girth and plant height. Correlation study revealed a positive and significant association of dry
fodder yield with green fodder yield per plant, grain yield per plant, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height and stem girth at both phenotypic and genotypic level, while leaf area at genotypic level. Hence, these traits are more helpful in boosting the dry fodder yield performance of inbred lines.

Key words: Pearl millet, GCV, PCV, heritability, genetic advance, correlation

57-61

RASHMI TOPPO, MAYURI SAHU*, ANJALI KAK AND NEHA BELSARIYA
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, COA, IGKV, Raipur-492012 (Chhattisgarh) India
Division of Germplasm Conservation, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
*(e-mail : mayuri_pbg@rediffimail.com)
(Received : 19 May 2022; Accepted : 12 June 2022)

SUMMARY

Genetic divergence was studied for 130 Oat germplasm accession including 5 checks (JHO851, RO-19, JHO-822, UPO-212, JO-1). Experiment was conducted in augmented design in Rabi 2019-20. All the 130 germplasm accessions were grouped into 12 clusters. Cluster I comprised by highest number of genotype followed by cluster III, cluster V, cluster X, and cluster VI. Seven cluster II, IV, VII, VIII, IX, XI, XII had lowest number of genotype. Wide range of intra cluster distance obtained. Highest intra cluster distance obtained by cluster VIrepresent the high genetic diversity among the genotypes. The highest inter cluster distance found between Cluster X and XI. Highest genetic divergence contributed by 1000 seed weight, green fodder yield and seed yield per plant.

Key words: Genetic divergence, intra cluster distance, inter cluster distance, genetic diversity

62-68

M. BENIDIR*, B. BELKHEIR, F. GHOZLANE, A. BOUSBIA AND ET S KALLI
Institut Rational de la Recherche Agronomique d’Algérie, unité de Recherche de sétif, Route des fermes 19000 Sétif
Institut Rational de la Recherche Agronomique d’Algérie, Centre de Recherche de Oued Ghir, 06000 Béjaia
Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Agronomie d’El Harrach
Université 8 Mai 45 de Guelma, 24000 Guelma
Université de Blida, B.P. 270, route de Soumaa, Blida, Algeria
*(e-mail : moh19ina@yahoo.fr)
(Received : 18 April 2022 ; Accepted : 01 June 2022)

SUMMARY

The Algerian steppe has undergone many ecological and socio-economic transformations. This situation has led to profound changes in livestock farming practices and pastoral mobility. This study described the strategies adopted by steppe agropastoralists in feeding herds under the changing climate conditions in the Djelfa region. 42 transhumant agro-pastoralists were surveyed in two municipalities of Ain El Bel and El Guedid. The results showed that the feed resources of the livestock are of three types: produced on the farm, free provided by the rangelands and purchased (concentrates). New forms of adaptation to the changing context of the steppe implemented by agropastoralists have been identified. Finally, the study has brought some mechanisms and palliative to ensure a sustainable development of agropastoralism in the Algerian steppe.

Key words: climate, feed, sheep herds, steppe, transhumant

69-74

TESSEMA TESFAYE ATUMO*, MILKIAS FANTA HELISO AND DEREBE KASSA HIBEBO
Southern Agricultural Research Institute (SARI), Arbaminch Research Center,
Arbaminch, Ethiopia
*(e-mail : tessema4@gmail.com)
(Received : 18 April 2022; Accepted : 09 June 2022)

SUMMARY

Feed supply in quality and quantity haven’t been satisfying the livestock population of Ethiopia and the grasslands in the Ethiopian highlands have been degrading with grazing loads. Fertilizers like nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur improves the soil fertility and species composition of the grazing lands. This study justifies, evaluation of top dressing nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on biomass yield of grass lands for market-oriented livestock production studied at Chosha kebele, Southern Ethiopia in 2017. Three fertilizer levels [(T1), 150 kg ha^-1 urea (T2) and combination of 110 kg
ha^-1 urea and 100 kg ha^-1 NPS (T3)] were laid out in randomized complete block design with 6 replications in summer and winter cropping seasons. Dry matter yield was significantly (P<0.001) different among treatments and higher results were obtained for combination of urea and NPS, followed by urea and the control one. Higher grasses species composition between application of combination of urea and NPS than urea alone. Net revenue is higher in nitrogen alone application than nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, better marginal rate of return (MRR=828%) recorded in Urea application for grazing land improvement in Gamo highland areas. It is recommendable to apply 150 kg/ha urea fertilizer to bring optimum yield of grazing land in Southern Ethiopian Highlands.

Key words: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, grazing land, dry matter, species composition

75-80

SURENDER SINGH,# AND V. P. S. PANGHAL
Department of Botany, Baba Mast Nath University, Rohtak (Haryana), India
Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004 (Haryana), India
*(e-mail : vijaypalpanghal@gmail.com)
(Received : 25 May 2022; Accepted : 15 June 2022)

SUMMARY

Nutrients play an important role in increasing quantity and quality of the crop produce. Consequently, an experiment was conducted for two years in a split plot design with 32 treatment combinations consisting of two varieties and four levels of vermicompost as main plot treatments and four levels of phosphorus as sub plot treatments. The fenugreek variety HM-103 showed its superiority over HM-57 for all the growth, seed yield attributing characters and benefit to cost ratio. Application of vermicompost at 4.0 t/ha significantly increased seed yield (16.83 q/ha), straw yield (32.50 q/ha) and biological yield (20.14 q/ha) to the tune of 45.08, 10.32 and 20.14% over control, respectively, which was at par with higher dose (5 t/ha). Likewise, the application of phosphorus 40kg/ha significantly increased seed yield (16.04 q/ha), straw yield (33.31 q/ha) and biological yield (49.16 q/ha) to the tune of 15.15, 15.90 and 15.21% over control, respectively, which was significantly
at par with higher dose, i.e. 60 kg/ha. Hence, in the Northern plains of India fenugreek variety HM103 is more profitable with the application of vermicompost 4 t/ha and phosphorus 40 kg/ha.

Key words: Vermicompost, phosphorus, variety, fenugreek, phenological, economics

81-87

SHWETA*, SATPAL, ANITA KUMARI, NEELAM, MEENA SEWHAG, N. KHAROR AND MEHAK NAGORA
Department of Agronomy
Forage Section, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding
Department of Botany and Plant Physiology
CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004 (Haryana), India
*(e mail : malik.shweta54@gmail.com)
(Received : 2 April 2022; Accepted : 10 June 2022)

SUMMARY

Crop required water for their physiological reactions and growth. Water shortage was the responsible for the yield reduction in maize upto 40 per cent. To investigate the effect of drip irrigation frequency and interval on growth, yield and quality of maize, a field study was conducted during Kharif 2019 at Agronomy Research Farm Area, CCS Haryana agricultural university, Hisar, Haryana (India) to determine the effect of drip irrigation on yield and quality maize fodder under semi-arid region of India. The Research Area is located at 29⁰10’ N latitude and 75⁰46’ E longitude at an elevation of 215.2 m above mean sea level in North-West part of India. the experiment was conducted with seven treatments viz. irrigation every day 100 % of Pen evaporation (T₁), irrigation every day 80% of Pen evaporation (T₂), irrigation at two days interval 100 % of Pen evaporation (T₃), irrigation at two days interval 80 % of Pen evaporation(T₄), irrigation at four days interval 100 % of Pen evaporation
(T₅) irrigation at four days interval 80 % of Pen evaporation (T₆) and Control-Flood irrigation (T₇) in thrice replication with RBD. The objective of research was to find out the effect of drip irrigation on maize fodder yield and quality of fodder. Growth parameter and yield attributes were recorded randomly selected and tagged plant. GFY and DFY under drip irrigation at two days interval 80 % of Pen (I₄) on
par with drip irrigation every day 80 % of PEN (I₂). I₁, I₂ and I₃ treatment produced 8.43, 4.08 and 2.08% more GFY and 8.48, 4.15 and 2.13 % DFY over to I₄ treatment. The flood irrigation (I₇) and drip
irrigation every day 100 % of PEN (I₁), drip irrigation every day 80 % of PEN (I₂), drip irrigation at two days interval 100 % of PEN (I₃) were at par in respect to crude protein content.

Key words: Maize, drip irrigation, fodder yield, IVDMD, crude protein content

88-91